Will Study for Food

 

The scholarship that I have found is the Hispanic Heritage Youth Awards. This scholarship applies to those who are of a Hispanic background. I have been on top of my scholarships because of how much money I really need in order to get to college. I have high hopes for myself and hope to fund for my schooling through scholarships and financial aid seeing that I do not have a lot of money to pay out of pocket. It's really scary for me to think of how much it really costs to go to college and it's starting to set in that even if I am accepted into the schools I want, I cannot attend unless I can financially get myself there. 

Vocabulary List #2: Definitions & Sentences

1. accoutrements-  additional items of dress or equipment, or other items carried or worn by a person or used for a particular activity
 Ex: A purse is a common accoutrement to a girls daily outfit.
2. apogee - noun apoapsis in Earth orbit; the point in its orbit where a satellite is at the greatest distance from the Earth; a final climactic stage
 Ex: Senior year is seen as the apogee of high school.
3. apropos - adj. of an appropriate or pertinent nature; adv. by the way; at an opportune time
 Ex: It is apropos for a writer to use statisctics as evidence.
4. bicker - noun a quarrel about petty points; verb argue over petty things
 Ex: It is common for siblings to bicker all the time.
5. coalesce - verb fuse or cause to grow together; mix together different elements
 Ex: The more and more time people spend together, the more they coalesce.
6. contretemps - noun an awkward clash
 Ex: Its contretemps when two people say the same thing at the same time.
7. convolution - noun the action of coiling or twisting or winding together; a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain; the shape of something rotating rapidly
 Ex: The complexity of the Sistine Chapel brought about convolutions of color.
8. cull - noun the person or thing that is rejected or set aside as inferior in quality; verb remove something that has been rejected; look for and gather
 Ex: The popular kids cull the nerds from their party.
9. disparate - adj. including markedly dissimilar elements;fundamentally different or distinct in quality or kind
 Ex: A dog and a seal are considered disparate from one another.
10. dogmatic - adj. characterized by assertion of unproved or unprovable principles; relating to or involving dogma; of or pertaining to or characteristic of a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative
 Ex: He voiced his opinion without being dogmatic.
11. licentious - adj. lacking moral discipline; especially sexually unrestrained
 Ex: A rude child probably grew up in a licentious environment. 
12. mete - noun to distribute equally
 Ex: Candy is meted among children in school.
13. noxious - adj. injurious to physical or mental health
 Ex: Drugs are noxious to anyone whom uses them.
14. polemic - adj. of or involving dispute or controversy; noun a controversy (especially over a belief or dogma); a writer who argues in opposition to others (especially in theology)
 Ex: In society, abortion is very polemic.
15. populous - adj. densely populated
 Ex: During the summer, Hawaii is very populous. 
16. probity - noun complete and confirmed integrity; having strong moral principles
 Ex: Most teenagers lack probity. 
17. repartee - noun adroitness and cleverness in reply
 Ex: Political figures usually have a well developed repartee. 
18. supervene - verb take place as an additional or unexpected development
 Ex: Plans made in advance have a high chance to be ruined by supervening occurences.
19. truncate - adj. terminating abruptly by having or as if having an end or point cut off; verb make shorter as if by cutting off; approximate by ignoring all terms beyond a chosen one; replace a corner by a plane
 Ex: Because she got a perfect score on the test, the chance for a curve was truncated.
20. unimpeachable - adj. beyond doubt or reproach; completely acceptable; not open to exception or reproach; free of guilt; not subject to blame
 Ex: The judge believed the unimpeachable withness just like everyone else did. 

Beowulf Notes Prologue - Chapter 10

Prologue:
-Starts off referencing the story of Scyld (a great king who had all the power)
-Rewarded the tribute of gold
-His son, Beowulf, continued his rein and rewarding gold bringing honor to their name
-Beowulf died and was sent with his ship to burial at sea
Chapter 1:
-The kingdom was left to Healfdene and he upheld his repuatation
-His kids were: Heorogar, Hrothgar, and Halga
-Hrothgar was known for his skills in battle
-Heorot was in honor of the prosperity of his rule
-A creature named Grendel heard the ruckous at the hall
-Cain was one of the ones whom had survived God's flood
Chapter 2:
-During the night, he took thirty thanes to his lair
-The thanes knew of Grendel's might and made their beds elsewhere for fear of Grendel
-For twelve years he harrasses Hrothgar and went stopped the reward of gold and began terrorizing both old and young
-No one would approach the hall for fear of Grendel
-The Sclydings had no faith in God and were living in misery without hope
Chapter 3:
-Hygelac and the Geats heard of the wrath of Grendel and set sail for Heorot with fourteen of his mightiest and bravest warriors to the land of the Danes
-When they landed, they thanked god for their safe journey
-A watchman demanded to know where they had come from and why they were there when they arrived
Chapter 4:
-Ecgtheow answers and said that they have come to help hearing of the wrath of Grendel
-The watchman then escorts the visitors to Heorot
Chapter 5:
-Observing the decorated streets, Wulgar stops and asks them of their business
-Hrothgar is upon his throne
Chapter 6:
- Hrothgar remembers Beowulf and Ecgtheow descended from the line of Hrethel and has heard about his strength and welcomes Beowulf
- Wulfgar tells the news
- Beowulf greeted Hrothgar, citing his recent defense of the Weders
- He says he will battle Grendel unarmed, and if he fails, Grendel will devour his body but they should send his armour back to Hygelac
Chapter 7:
- Hrothgar talks about the war between the Geats and Wylfings: the Geats asked for help when Beowulf's kin killed Heathloaf of the Wylfings. Hrothgar was young, his older brother Heorogar died but the feud was settled when he paid with treasure
- Grendel has brought hate and humiliation to the hall; many warriors have attempted to defeat him but they have failed
Chapter 8:
- Unferth rose to challenge Beowulf; he asks if he did contest with Breca (son of Beanstan) for 7 days in the stormy winter sea where Breca arrived in the land of Brondings
- Beowulf rises to the drunken Unferth and says he has superior strength in the sea; as children he and Breca dared to risk their lives at sea with only a sword against a whale-fish. A flood drove them apart and a creature dragged Beowulf to the bottom where he killed it with a stroke of the sword
Chapter 9:
- Beowulf killed 9 sea-monsters and the tide brought him to the land of Finns
- Grendel brought suffering and humiliation to Hrothgar
- Beowulf had no fear of feud from the Danish Clan; in the morning he will know of the might of the Geats
- Hrothgar was happy with Beowulf's commitment; the queen Wealhtheow also thanked him
- Hrothgar wished Beowulf good luck and to seek glory
Chapter 10:
- A guard keeps watch for monsters and watches Beowulf's possessions
- Beowulf was ready to battle Grendel, unarmed; God would decide the one who is right
- All the warriors slept, except Beowulf who awaited the battle

Beowulf Comprehension Questions

 [Prologue: The Rise of the Danish Nation] (lines 1-85, pp. 33-34)

1. Shield was first an orphan that ascended to king status. His funeral was very grand, for he was put out in a boat with a lot of treasure as his tomb. Shield is actually an ancestor to Hrothgar. 
[Heorot is Attacked] (lines 86-188, pp. 34-36) 
1. Hrothgar decided to build a magnificent mead-hall, but caught the attention of Grendel, a demon ascended from Cain, who attacked the hall, killing 30 men in the first night alone. The attacks lasted for 12 years, and put Denmark and the King in a state of depression. 
[The Hero Comes to Heorot] (lines 189-490, pp. 36-42) 
1. Beowulf decided to come to Denmark and help Hrothgar defeat Grendel, and selects 14 of his bravest men to accommodate him. 
2. The Geats first meet a Danish guard, who asks them who they are and what they are arrived to do, while shaking his spear. Beowulf responds that they are the Geats, and have came to help Hrothgar defeat the monster Grendel.
3. Hrothgar's herald is Wulfgar, who is known for his great wisdom. He tells Hrothgar about Beowulf's mission, and Hrothgar comments on how well he knew Beowulf's father, and how he remembers him as a child. I'm not too surprised that Hrothgar has a connection with Beowulf because it makes more sense now that Beowulf would come to help him. 
4. Beowulf tells Hrothgar of his past glories and offers to fight Grendel without weapons. Hrothgar mended a feud between Beowulf's father and the Wulfing tribe. 
[Feast at Heorot] (lines 491-661, pp. 42-46) 
1. Unferth accuses Beowulf of losing a swimming match to Breca, but Beowulf counters with his own version of the story, and accuses Unferth of drunkenness. This episode shwos truly how confident and likable Beowulf is, and how people tend to believe in him.
During the feasting, the Queen brings around a goblet and makes a toast thanking God for bringing Beowulf to defeat Grendel, then sits next to Beowulf. 
[The Fight with Grendel] (lines 662-835, pp. 46-49) 
1. Beowulf plans on not using weapons to fight Grendel. 
2. When Grendel enters Herot he kills one man and tries to swipe at Beowulf but gets his claws caught by Beowulf's string hands. Grendel tries to escape but his arm comes clean off due to the strength of Beowulf's hold on him so he escapes but is fatally wounded.
[Celebration at Heorot] (lines 836-1250, pp. 49-60) 
1. Beowulf is like Sigemond in that he loves displaying his courage and valor through warring battles. However, he is unlike Sigemond in that he would rather go into battle alone and rely on his own strength, than to do well commanding others and being a leader.
2. Hrothgar is esctatic about Beowulf's deed, and celebrates his victory by awarding him many gifts. Among those gifts is a sword. Unferth is rather quiet after Beowulf succeeded, because he was proven wrong.
3.  In the story of Finn the Frisians and the Danes are at war, and until Hildeburgh, a Dane, married Finn, Lord of the Frisians. This idea of using a bride as a way to heal two warring states was proved ineffective, because Hildeburgh's brother was killed when visiting her and Finn was later killed out of vengeance.
4. Wealtheow asks Hrothgar to not give Beowulf the throne, but instead to keep the throne in the bloodline.
5. Beowulf gives the necklace to Hygelac, who later wears it in the battle in which he dies. Wealtheow asks Beowulf to guide and protect her children.
6. So many men remain in the beer hall to sleep because, now that Grendel is dead, they think it is completely safe. This is a mistake because Grendel's vengeful mother comes in the night and takes one of Hrothgar's men and her son's arm.
[Another Attack] (lines 1251-1382, pp. 60-62) 
1. Grendel's mother comes to Heorot to get revenge for her son's death. This is different than Grendel's reason for tormenting the hall. Grendel just enjoyed the thrill of killing the men and stopping their constant celebrations.
2. Hrothgar's response is to ask Beowulf to kill Grendel's mother. Grendel's mother had killed Aeschere who was Hrothgar's close friend and advisor.
3. The mere is a strange swampy lake, where Grendel and his mother live in an underwater cave.
Beowulf Fights Grendel’s Mother (lines 1383-1650, pg.63-68) 
1. Beowulf tells Hrothgar to respond in a caring way for his own men that he should leave behind.

2. Beowulf sinks into this water for a few hours before he enters the mere.

3 In preparation for his battle with Grendel’s mother, Beowulf dresses in his new armor he was given by Hrothgar. Beowulf brings with him a sword borrowed from Unferth.
4. When Beowulf enters the mere Grendel’s mother reaches out and pulls him under with her claws. She pulls him far enough down so that other sea monsters will not interfere with their fight.
5. When Beowulf uses the sword it is unable to cut Grendel’s mother and she remains unscathed.
6. Beowulf is protected from Grendel’s Mother largely due to his armor. To combat her attacks he uses his bare hands to break free.
7. In battle, Beowulf sees the sword of Eoten’s and uses it to slay Grendel’s mother. He then proceeds to cut off her head and a bring it back with him. The sword is melted because of the monster’s blood.
8. The men had been mourning before Beowulf returned because they thought he had failed below. The men rejoiced at the sight of their hero.
Further Celebration at Heorot (lines 1651-1798, pg. 68-71) 
1. Beowulf gives Hrothgar the hilt of his sword as a symbol of his victory.
2. Hrothgar praises Beowulf but tells him that in order to be successful he needs to be a fair ruler and give wealth to the worthy. He tells the story of Heremod who was a cruel ruler who soon lost the support of his followers. The king was murdered by his people. Hrothgar urges Beowulf to not follow in his footsteps.
3. Beowulf returns Unfeth’s sword, Hrunting.
[Beowulf Returns Home] (lines 1799-2199, pp. 71-79)  

1. Hrothgar is worried Beowuld may become too arrogant and be unable to fight successfully if there small battle victories get to his head.

2. Hygd is Geat's queen. She is a good queen where as Modthryth is a bad, evil queen.3. Beowulf plans to do this because he wants Hygelac to be aware that Ingeld and Dane may turn against Geat. Beowulf expects the result to be bad because he thinks the peace will be broken by someone bringing up the old violence and feud. Over time with everything he has been through, Beowulf has become focused, confident, and gained courage.
4. Beowulf reports that his adventures are accurate for the most part, but at times he exaggerates a little.
5. Beowulf, out of respect, gives the treasure to Hygelac. In return Hgelac gives him a jeweled sword, 7000 hides, land, a hall, and a throne.
[The Dragon Wakes] (lines 2200-2509, pp. 79-86) 
1. Part 2 takes place 50 years later. The kings that have died in the meanwhile are Hygelac and Heardred. Danger now exists and it is a dragon.
2. The dragon is angry because a thief stole a goblet from the treasure trove the dragon was guarding. The treasure got there because an ancient race that was doomed to perish began to bury their treasures there, and the dragon found it.
3. The dragon came out to attack Geat people and destroyed their properties.
4. He thinks his house got burnt because he did something that displeased the gods. He orders a new shield that cannot be burned by the dragon. He ends up fighting the battle without a sword or shield, but he is bringing men with him. He is confident about this battle.

5. Hygelac died in Friesland during a battle by a Frankish king. Beowulf killed the Frankish king because he killed Hygelac. When Beowulf returned home Hygd offered him to be king, but he refused out of respect for his younger cousin.
6. He was killed in battle against the Swedes. He helps Eagils kill Onela, the Swedish king.
7. Twelve men including himself went with him to meet the dragon.
8. Herebeald was killed by accident by the Haethcyn with an arrow. His father died for grief over his sons death. Battles broke out between the Swedish and Geats after Herebeald's death. Haethcynwas killed during battle. Beowulf got his revenge for Hygelac's death by killing Dayraven, a Frankish warrior. 

[Beowulf Attacks the Dragon] (lines 2510-2820, pp.86-92) 
1. Beowolf told them to stay back, and let him kill the dragon.
2. The first time Beowolf and the dragon fight, Beowolf gets hurt. All of his companions fled except for Wiglaf. He is different because he actually kept the promise they had all made by being brave when their leader needed them, and he tells the others this. He then helps Beowolf defeat the dragon.
3.The dragon bites Beowolf's neck, and he dies. Wiglaf kills the dragon.
4. Beowolf asks Wiglaf to go into the cave and see what treasure he earned. When he sees the gold, he gives his golden necklace, his helmet, rings etc. to Wiglaf. He asks to be buried right where the dragon was killed.
[Beowulf's Funeral] (lines 2821-3182, pp.92-99)
1. Wiglaf is angry at them for not helping in a time of need. He believes that the Geats will get destroyed.
2. The messenger announces the news of Beowolf's death. The messenger states that the treasure was cursed, and that Beowolf was never greedy. The last image is of the Dragon.
3. Wiglaf tells the crowd about Beowolf's incredible fighting skills.
4. They pushed the dragon over the cliff, thinking that it didn't deserve to be buried.
5. The crowd celebrates Beowolf's accomplishments, but are also very sad about his death.
6. They said that no better king had lived who is deserving of praise. Yes, because military heroes need to be brave because they put their life in danger for us.

Textbook Notes (pgs. 31-60)

From Tristia Ovid: Book 10

 -Tristia had moved from her mother country, Dardanian Troy, when it was attacked by the Grecian Army.

   -Now in the Pontus, feels like the days go by like years 

 -Despises the common theme of death races (referring to gladiator games and/or the continuous war between the Romans and their enemies)

 -Feels like a barbarian not being able to communicate with people of the new land, had to use body language

 -Was exiled from Rome

 -"Injured the power of Caesar the god," in result was sent to assimilate with the Scythian race as a punishment

   -Believes she deserved to be exiled but not to such a city

Far Corners of Earth by Tu Fu 

 -Describes a shift from the Chiang-han mountains where clouds begin to hover over to "a new waste of highway."

Fom Beowulf

 -portrays the Anglo-Saxon culture of eighth century Britain

 -Beowulf: sword-wielding slayer of monsters, upholder of the right, warrior-chieftain

 -Takes place in sixth century Scandinavia, speaks Old English

 -Beowulf seeks to help the Danish King Hrothgar in fighting the swampland monster, Grendel. 

   -first of the three mortal battles

 -Scops often told long narrative poems by mouth in Anglo-Saxon England which resulted in it's change and growth

   -finally written down in eleventh century

 -main themes: bravery, loyalty, heroism

 -The Electronic Beowulf Project revived the burnt original manuscripts of Beowulf.

Epic: a long narrative poem, sometimes developed orally, that celebrates the deeds of a legendary or heroic figure 

  -hero battles for the order of his world

  -story told in serious matter with sophisticated language

-Legendary hero: a larger than life character whose accomplishments are celebrated in traditional tales

Beowulf

- When created, England was changing from a pagan to Christianity

- Pagan Anglo-Saxons told tales rued by fate where people struggled against monsters in regards to their place in the world

- Christian converts taught that human choices between good & evil were at the center of creation

- Beowulf interprets both the Christian and Pagan traditions

- Starts out during a celebration at Herot and outside is the murderous monster, Grendel

The Wrath of Grendel

- Grendel, the powerful monster grew upset with the constant music that played in the banquet hall of the Danish King Hrothgar that rejoiced in the beauty of Earth.

- Thousands of evil spirits formed from their murderous crimes due to God’s banishment of them by Cain’s responsibility for the death of Abel, who opposed God’s will.

- Cain and Abel were the sons of Adam and Eve; Cain killed his brother because he was envious of the attention Abel received from God.

- When all the warriors in the hall were done partying, Grendel went inside killed thirty men and took them back to his lair.

- In the morning the king mourned his companions that he lost, and knew it wouldn’t be the end of Grendel’s wrath.

- The only way the warriors could try to stay alive were if they escaped Grendel.

- For twelve winters Grendel’s defeat of the Danes ruled, killing many and most men.

- Grendel wouldn’t make peace or accept a truce or price

- Grendel continued to kill but wouldn’t touch King Hrothgar’s throne because it was protected by God, and the king’s council debated over remedies to get rid of Grendel.

- The King and council were conflicted by doing the Devils work by trying to get rid of Grendel and banishing him to hell, but trying to do right by God.

The Coming of Beowulf

- The death of the King’s son was extremely painful for the King and kingdom

- Higlac was the king of the Geats and Beowulf's feudal lord and uncle as well as a very strong man

- Higlac heard that Grendel violently forced and demanded a boat to be fitted out for him to go see Higlac

- Beowulf chose the mightiest, bravest, and best men of the Geats he could find to accompany him on his journey to Hrothgar (14 men total)

- He knew the sea would lead them straight to that distant, Danish shore

- They sailed their boat and arrived fully dressed in mail with the best armor and uninvited

- Hrothgar's lieutenant met them on the shore, demanding to know who they were and why they came unannounced

- He asked Beowulf to immediately explicate their reason for their visit before they take action against them

- Beowulf explained who they were and that they were there to hunt Grendel and protect the people and their King from the monster

- The mounted officer believed their words and that he and his men would guard their ship and protect it, saying that any warriors who battle Grendel successfully should go home bearing their love

- Once Beowulf and his men arrived at Herot, they were called in to see the King

- Beowulf arose and went to meet Hrothgar with some of his men, ordering a few to remain behind with their weapons

- Beowulf and his men arrive at Herot and are called to see the King 

- Beowulf ordered some of his men to stay with their weapons, while he took others and himself "into Hrothgar's Presence"

- Beowulf describes himself to the kind to make him seem more favorable, by saying things like "They have seen my strength for themselves, Have watched me ride form the darkest of war, Dripping with my enemies' blood."

- Beowulf over does it on the compliments to the king then asks for the kings permission to "purge all evil from this hall" (including Grendal, who Beowulf is willing to go into great battle against) Beowulf is willing to die for his cause and exaggeratedly says so. 

The Battle with Grendel 

- Grendal came from the marsh and journeyed to Herot and was met harshly with Herot being so firmly defended. 

- Grendal stormed through the doors quickly, saw the young and sleepy soldiers lining the halls, grabbed one and killed him, snapping shit and drinking the blood. 

- Grendal clutched Beowulf but was suprised by his strength and attack. Grendal's first reaction was to run but Beowulf didn't let him go. 

- Beowulf and Grendal battled violently. Herot shook and trembled, it was built to only come down in fire but the battle was a much great force

- He was the strongest man, Beowulf was going to kill the "monster"

- Beowulf's men woke up to Beowulf fighting Grendel and were ready to fight, if needed; they were courageous, but Grendel was pretty indestructible against them and he could easily beat them all

- But, he(Grendel) was now declining, dying, and had been defeated

- His shoulder bone broke, a sign of the battle being over

- Beowulf won "glory, Grendel escaped" to his den though, to die a slow and miserable death

- Beowulf was very prod, the Danes were happy and his accomplishments were listed; he ended - Hrothgar's people's problems

- Beowulf hung Grendel's "arm, claw, shoulder and all" on the rafters; it was basically a trophy of the victory and proof of the win

The Monsters' Lair (there was a celebration of Beowulf's victory, but Grendel's mother kills Hrothgar's best friend and takes Grendel's claw, Beowulf hears from the king about the underwater lair)

- The king is talking the whole time

- Peasants in fields saw female and male creatures and told the king's wise men

- Grendel they named the man one, no one knows if there were any before them or any other creatures like them

- The creatures lived in a secret wolf den with rocks and a waterfall to an underground lake (my visual interpretation of the text) It's very dark, roots hanging from the top, no one knows how deep

- The king wants Beowulf to kill the mother, Beowulf is his only help and hope of "being saved", he will reward him with gold and treasure for winning

The Battle with Grendel's mother

-Grendel's mother wants to kill the one who hurt her son.
-Grendel's mother and Beowulf fight and Beowulf wins with his hands not his weapons
-he also finishes off Grendel and takes his head as a trophy
-he is honored for being a killer
-becomes king of Geatland and a dragon threatens his kingdom
The Last Battle
-"bUT I will fight again, seek fame still..." line 626
-goes to face the monster and strikes him but his sword failed him when he needed it most
-he stared at death not ready to go
-all his friends left him when he failed, did he boast too much or were they afraid?
-Wiglaf is the only one to help and they kill the dragon, why him?
-Beowulf is dying and wants the dragon's treasure
The Spoils
-Beowulf dies and leaves the kingdom and treasure to Wiglaf
-"so gold can easily triumph, defeat the strongest men., no matter how well it is hidden" what does this mean?
-"Fate has swept our race away, taken warriors in their strength and led them to the death that was --waiting" the honorable have become a very rare people?
The Farewell
-praise Beowulf for the life he lived and not just forget him

My University

     While Dr.Preston was in London presenting how the Open Source Learning program really works, my peers and I were left alone to catch up on work and collaborate to help lower the stress levels that we had all felt from the course work that was put on us right away from day one. To be honest today was quite different then what happens when classes have subs. Within out classroom we had the opportunity to chose what we wanted to do for that period. We weren't forced to watch a stupid movie or do a dumb worksheet in order to be productive but we were left to ourselves knowing what had to be do and doing in class or even at home was out own personal decisions. Sadly, I did not take advantage of the class time to do work but I was able to connect more with some of my peers and gain a friendship through the class period. Simply talking about future plans after high school and our passions really let me learn more about peers that I don't converse with on a daily basis. I gained friendships that will soon strengthen and allow me to not only ask a peer for help but a friend who wants to help me succeed just as much as I want them too.

From Legend to History Textbook Notes (pgs. 4-14)

Conquest of Britain 
-Were groups of Celts, Brythons and the Gaels who settled Ireland.
-Anglo-Saxons came from Germany, took over what is today England, large parts. 
The Coming of Christianity
-Romans accepted Christianity.
-Rome fell to barbarian tribes
-Columba, a solider and abbor called for converts of this religion.
- Unity between people
Danish Invasion
-Viking Invaders destroyed monasteries, manuscripts, and stole sacred religious objects.
-People from Norway and Denmark who wanted more land.
-Alfred the Great- resisted further Danish encroachment, only person to be given "The Great" in this history.
The Norman Conquest
-Normans or north men, descendants of vikings.
-Harold II to be king, William of Normandy however went to battle and took the thrown when Harold was killed.
-Suppressed Anglo-Saxon nobility
-Knights were awarded manors with serfs to work on them
The Reign of the Plantagenets
-Henry Plantagenet came to thrown as Henry II
-Henry's legal matters led him and the Church to disagree
-Thomas Becket was put in a chair and sided with the pope.
-Becket was killed and now his tomb is a journey of devotion
The Magna Carta
- King Richard I signed document promising to not tax land without talking to the Barons; marked the beginning of a constitutional government in England
Lancasters, Yorks, and Tudors
- House of Lancaster replaced the Plantagenets on the throne
- War of Roses: Yorks vs. Lancasters; united under Tudor's marital ties to Richard's niece (Yorkist)
Decline of the Feudal System
- After the Black Death, massive labor shortage demanded peasant's work
- Serfs revolted against discriminatory laws and taxes, resulting in the system being replaced with free peasantry
Anglo- Saxon Literature
- Spoken verse and incantations
- Heroic poetry (recounting the achievements of warriors) and elegiac poetry (lamenting the deaths of loved ones and the loss of the past; most famous- Beowulf)
- Written in Latin until the monks began to transcribe them into the language of the common people
Literature of the English Middle Ages
- Romances portrayed the deeds of knights and anonymous balladeers sang of love and deeds of outlaws
- Medieval Drama: miracle plays, mysteries, retold Bible stories, morality plays
- William Caxton set up first movable type press
- Geoffrey Chaucer wrote in Middle English, The Canterbury Tales, compassionate humor and lively realism
- Medieval romances were adventures of knights, lyric poetry was developed by the lyre (harplike instrument), ballads (folk songs that told stories) were popular